What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?

The primary risk factor for cervical cancer is HPV infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause changes in the cervical cells, leading to cancer over time. Many types of HPV exist, but certain high-risk strains, particularly HPV type 16 and 18, are strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer.

The relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer is well established; the majority of cervical cancer cases can be linked to persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Vaccines are available that can protect against the most common high-risk strains of HPV, which underscores the importance of this infection as a primary risk factor.

While heavy smoking, age, and multiple childbirths may contribute to the likelihood of developing cervical cancer, they do not have as direct a causal link as HPV does. For instance, smoking can weaken the immune system and make it harder for the body to clear HPV infections, and age is a general risk factor due to accumulated exposure over time. Similarly, having multiple childbirths may indicate increased exposure to HPV but is not itself a direct cause of cervical cancer. Thus, HPV infection stands out as the main risk factor.