What is the primary characteristic of necrotizing fasciitis?

Necrotizing fasciitis is primarily characterized by the involvement of subcutaneous fat and fascia. This severe bacterial infection leads to rapid destruction of soft tissue, particularly affecting the fascia— a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, nerves, and blood vessels— and the overlying subcutaneous fat.

The nature of this infection ensures that it progresses rapidly, often leading to systemic symptoms and significant localization of tissue destruction. While fever and chills are common systemic signs of infections, they are not exclusive to necrotizing fasciitis and can occur in various other conditions. Localized swelling can be present, but it does not specifically distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from other infections or ailments. Surface skin irritation may occur but is not a defining characteristic of this life-threatening condition. Focusing on the deeper layers that necrotizing fasciitis impacts—the subcutaneous fat and fascia—helps highlight the seriousness and the unique clinical course of the disease.