What is Barrett's esophagus associated with?

Barrett's esophagus is primarily characterized by metaplasia in the lower esophagus, where the normal squamous epithelial cells are replaced by columnar epithelial cells, typically due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This change is a protective response to the damaging effects of gastric acid on the esophageal lining. The presence of this abnormal cell type increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which makes the metaplastic change a significant concern in medical diagnosis and treatment.

The other options, while related to esophageal conditions, do not specifically correlate with Barrett's esophagus. Stricture formation can occur in the esophagus due to various factors, including chronic inflammation or injury, but is not a hallmark of Barrett's esophagus itself. Esophageal spasm involves irregular muscle contractions in the esophagus and is not directly linked with Barrett's esophagus. Lastly, gastric ulcers are primarily associated with the stomach lining rather than changes in the esophagus. Therefore, the recognition of metaplasia is key to understanding Barrett's esophagus.