What is a contributing factor to GERD related to the lower esophagus?

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) plays a critical role in maintaining the proper function of the esophageal lining and preventing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. In the context of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), relaxation of the LES is a significant contributing factor. When the LES relaxes inappropriately or fails to maintain adequate pressure, it allows for the reflux of gastric juice, which contains acid and digestive enzymes, into the esophagus. This reflux can lead to the characteristic symptoms of GERD, including heartburn and regurgitation, as well as potential esophageal injury.

The other options, while related to gastric and esophageal health, do not directly contribute to the pathophysiology of GERD in the same way. An increase in gastric acid secretion can exacerbate symptoms but is not a primary mechanical factor leading to GERD; rather, it is the malfunction of the LES that is considered the primary issue. Increased esophageal motility typically helps clear refluxed material more effectively and does not contribute to the development of GERD. The presence of H. pylori is associated with other gastrointestinal conditions, mostly peptic ulcers, rather than being a direct contributing factor to GERD. Therefore, the