What condition is associated with peripheral vertigo?

Meniere's disease is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), hearing loss, and a sensation of fullness or pressure in the ear. It is a specific condition that affects the inner ear and is known for causing peripheral vertigo, which is caused by problems in the vestibular system of the inner ear. This type of vertigo typically presents as a spinning sensation that is often acute and may last for a variable duration, correlating with the characteristic attacks seen in Meniere's disease.

In contrast, the other conditions listed—stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease—are primarily linked to central causes of vertigo. Strokes can result in vertigo due to their effects on the brainstem or cerebellum, where the central vestibular pathways are located. Multiple sclerosis can also cause a range of neurologic symptoms, including vertigo, but it is related to demyelination in the central nervous system rather than peripheral structures. Alzheimer's disease generally does not present with vertigo as a primary symptom, as it primarily affects cognitive function rather than the vestibular system. Thus, Meniere's disease is distinctively associated with peripheral vertigo and stands out as the correct answer.